Lub Teeb Lub Teeb Lub Sij Hawm: Kev hloov pauv nrawm mus rau LEDs thiab Ultra-Kev daws teeb pom kev zoo
Qhov kev tsim ntawm lub teeb ci incandescent tau ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv lub neej niaj hnub thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg siv hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis yog txog thaum xyoo 1970s roj shocks uas cov lus nug tshwm sim txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm lub teeb uas siv hluav taws xob feem ntau ua cua sov. Tsoom fwv tau txav los txhawb kev siv hluav taws xob, thaum cov thawj coj hauv kev lag luam xws li Philips thiab Osram tau nqis peev ntau rau hauv lwm txoj kev teeb pom kev zoo- txhawb nqa los ntawm cov cai tswjfwm txhawm rau txhawm rau txo qis qhov muag tsis zoo.
Thawj qhov tshwm sim yog lub teeb fluorescent teeb pom kev zoo (CFL), uas tau muab tsib zaug lub zog ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg siv khoom tsis nyiam nws qhov hnyav xiav -dawb ci thiab sov sov - lub sijhawm. Halogen qhov muag teev luv luv tau ua haujlwm hloov tab sis tsuas yog khav theeb me ntsis zoo dua li cov qauv incandescents. Tom qab ntawd los LEDs, ib qho kev ua si - hloov lwm txoj.
LEDs tuav lub peev xwm loj heev rau kev txais yuav sai thiab txo cov pa roj carbon monoxide. Lawv tsim lub teeb tam sim ntawd, phim cov xim spectrum ntawm ntuj nruab hnub nrig, thiab ua kom muaj cua sov tsawg heev -tsis zoo li cov teeb ci, uas nkim li 95% ntawm lub zog raws li cua sov. Asmeskas tuam txhab Fairchild Optoelectronics tau tsim ib qhoLED teeb pom kev zoo khoomthaum ntxov li xyoo 1970s, tab sis LEDs tseem kim niche khoom rau xyoo lawm. Nws tsis yog txog xyoo 2000, thaum ob lub teb chaws muaj kev lag luam thiab kev tsim kho tau qhia txog qhov ua tau zoo thiab cov qauv kev ua haujlwm tsawg kawg nkaus (nrog rau lub sijhawm ruaj khov rau kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo), qhov kev muag khoom tau maj mam hloov mus rau qis - cov kev xaiv hluav taws xob.
Lawm, qhov ceev thiab qhov twg ntawmLED sawbsib txawv ntawm lub teb chaws, raws li txoj cai, kev lag luam, thiab kev siv hluav taws xob sib txawv. Raws li tsis ntev los no xyoo 2015, ntau tus neeg siv khoom tsis txaus siab tso tseg qhov muag teev, saib lwm txoj hauv kev rau halogens thiab incandescents tsis txaus. Tab sis nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, LEDs tau pom kev txhim kho zoo kawg nkaus hauv kev ua tau zoo, tsim qauv, tus nqi, thiab kev ua haujlwm tau zoo- ua rau muaj kev nce siab hauv kev nce siab. Niaj hnub no, LEDs raug nqi \\(2–\\)5, siv txog li 90% tsawg zog dua incandescents (xws li halogens), thiab siv 60% tsawg zog dua li qub fluorescent teeb. Los ntawm 2019, LEDs tau kwv yees li 46% ntawm kev muag khoom teeb pom kev zoo thoob ntiaj teb, nce los ntawm 37% hauv 2018.
Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Kev Pabcuam rau LED Txais
Tsoom fwv - coj thawb mus rau theem tawm qhov muag tsis muaj zog- tseem ceeb rauLED kev loj hlob- pib xyoo 2005 hauv Brazil thiab Venezuela. Cov European Union, Australia, thiab Switzerland tau ua raws li lawv tus kheej theem- tawm hauv xyoo 2009. Niaj hnub no, tsoomfwv thiab tuam txhab feem ntau siv cov cai los txhawb kev siv LED, kos los ntawm lawv cov nqi thiab lub zog-txuag peev xwm. Tebchaws Asmeskas tau pib ua haujlwm tsis zoo hauv xyoo 2007 (txawm hais tias Trump cov thawj coj tau ncua kev siv zog hauv 2019), thaum tsab ntawv ceeb toom EU yuav xaus kev muag khoom ntawm incandescents thiab halogens los ntawm lig 2021.
Wider Relevance of LED Adoption
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm LEDs qhia tau tias muaj zog npaum li cas, kev cuam tshuam ntawm tsoomfwv cov cai tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov khoom tsis zoo, khib nyiab. Yog tsis muaj cov cai zoo li no, kev lag luam yuav tsis muaj kev txhawb siab kom txav mus dhau lub teeb pom kev siv thev naus laus zis. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, txoj cai no feem ntau tsom rau cov kev xav tau ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo dua li kev tswj hwm cov thev naus laus zis tshwj xeeb- cia kev lag luam tawm tswv yim daws teeb meem. Qhov tshwm sim yog qhov poob qis tsis tu ncua ntawm halogens thiab incandescents, yielding txuag nqi rau cov lag luam thiab cov neeg siv khoom.
LEDs twb tau txo tag nrho lub zog siv rau lub teeb pom kev zoo: xyoo 2018, teeb pom kev zoo suav txog kwv yees li 13% ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb, thiab ntawm cov nqi saws tam sim no, qhov no yuav tsum poob mus rau 8% los ntawm 2030. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv hluav taws xob feem ntau siv lub rooj zaum rov qab rau cov thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab xav tau kev txhawb nqa zoo ib yam. Raws li IEA, kev txhim kho kev siv hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb tau qeeb txij li xyoo 2015-tseem kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tseem ceeb rau kev txiav tag nrho lub zog siv.
Lub teeb pom kev zoo tam sim no suav txog 13% ntawm kev xav tau hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb thiab 5% ntawm cov pa roj carbon emissions thoob ntiaj teb txhua xyoo (rau cov ntsiab lus, kev xa khoom thoob ntiaj teb emits 1.7%). Tseem muaj lub peev xwm loj los txo cov teeb pom kev zoo- ntsig txog emissions: qee qhov kev kwv yees hais tias lub ntiaj teb no hloov mus rau qhov siab - LEDs ua tau zoo tuaj yeem txiav 1.4 billion tonnes ntawm CO₂, tshem tawm qhov xav tau los tsim 1,250 lub chaw nres tsheb fais fab -yuav loj heev rau ob qho tib si carbon txo thiab huab cua zoo.
LEDs kuj tseem ceebkev txiav txim siab ua lag luam loj npaum li cas tuaj yeem them sai sai. Cov neeg tsim khoom tau txais kev pheej hmoo los hloov kev tsim khoom los ntawm cov teeb pom kev tsis zoo rau LEDs. Nyob rau hauv 2006, Philips Teeb pom kev zoo (tom qab ntawd muab ze li ob-feem peb ntawm kev muag khoom los ntawm incandescents) txiav txim siab tsiv tawm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab ua kom nce LED ntau lawm- ib qho kev xaiv radical uas tau ntsib kev tawm tsam hauv lub tuam txhab thiab los ntawm cov tswv cuab. Qhov kev txav mus rau qhov kawg ua tiav: tam sim no hloov npe hu ua Signify, qhov chaw ruaj khov ntawm tsib lub ntiaj teb LED tuam txhab lag luam, nrog cov nyiaj tau los txhua xyoo nyob ib puag ncig £ 6 billion.
Tsis tas li ntawd, kev hloov pauv teeb pom kev pom qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus kheej ua haujlwm hauv kev txo qis carbon emissions. Txawm tias cov kev xaiv ntawm tus kheej me me, thaum sib faib thoob plaws ntau lab tus tib neeg, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau ib puag ncig thiab nyiaj txiag. Kev txuag nyiaj rau cov neeg siv khoom pab txhawb kev hloov pauv hauv lub peev txheej. Tshaj li kev siv hluav taws xob thiab cov txiaj ntsig ib puag ncig, LEDs xa cov nqi txuag nyiaj tseem ceeb: US Department of Energy kwv yees LEDs tuaj yeem txiav hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob hauv teb chaws los ntawm 29% los ntawm 2025, txuag tsev neeg nyob ib puag ncig £ 80 billion ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob. Hauv tebchaws Askiv, kev siv LED thoob plaws hauv tsev yuav txiav £ 2 billion los ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob thiab tiv thaiv 8 lab tonnes ntawm carbon emissions. Thawj qhov peev los hloov mus rau LEDs hauv UK feem ntau them rov qab hauv 3-4 lub hlis, thiab txhua tsev neeg tuaj yeem txuag tau qhov nruab nrab ntawm £ 40 ib xyoos ib zaug nrog kev saws me nyuam tag nrho.
Cov ntsiab lus thiab keeb kwm yav dhau
Lub teeb lub teeb lub hauv paus ncab rov qab dua li Volta mus rau 1761, thaum Ebenezer Kinnersley tau pom cov teeb pom kev zoo los ntawm cov xaim cua sov. Tab sis nws tsis yog txog xyoo 1879 uas Thomas Alva Edison patented lub teeb hluav taws xob uas yuav ua lag luam rau ze li ob centuries - tau txais kev pom zoo patents los ntawm lwm cov neeg tsim khoom los tsim cov khoom siv.
Lub teeb incandescent revolutionized lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm rau cov uas muaj hluav taws xob. Nws lub xyoo pua 19th thiab 20th dominance tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tsis muaj kev sib tw thiab cov nqi poob. Raws li Edison nto moo kwv yees, "Tsuas yog cov nplua nuj yuav tuaj yeem hlawv tswm ciab"; los ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, kev siv lub teeb pom kev zoo yog 100,000 npaug siab dua li xyoo pua 18th.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev txhim kho kev ua tau zoo, ntev - qhov muag teev tsis tau zoo. Nyob rau xyoo 1920, ib lub tuam txhab tsim khoom hu ua "Phoebus" (xws li Osram, Philips, thiab General Electric subsidiaries) tau sib sau ua ke los tsim qhov muag teev nrog lub neej luv dua li yav tas los muaj.
Ceev ceev- mus rau tiam 21st: ib zaug LEDs 'kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws tau dhau los ua kom pom tseeb, kev hloov mus rau kev tsim khoom yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tsis txaus ntseeg -tab sis cov lus cog tseg ntawm kev txuag hluav taws xob loj thaum kawg yeej yeej. Kev nkag mus rau kev lag luam tau qeeb dua li cov neeg tawm tswv yim LED tau cia siab, yuav tsum tau muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm tsoomfwv los ua kom muaj kev saws me nyuam, nce qib LED ntau lawm, thiab theem tawm qhov muag tsis zoo. Tsoom fwv muaj kev txhawb siab ntxiv: cov nqi teeb pom kev zoo rau pej xeem siv ntau feem ntawm cov peev nyiaj hauv nroog. Piv txwv li, cov teeb pom kev zoo rau pej xeem suav txog 20–40% ntawm US councils 'cov nqi hluav taws xob.
Raws li tau npaj tseg, tsoomfwv txoj cai nruj thiab cov qauv kev ua haujlwm tau ua rau txo qis LED cov nqi, ua rau lawv pheej yig rau billions thiab txhawb kev nkag mus rau kev lag luam. Tshaj li ob xyoo caum, cov nqi LED teeb tau poob ntau dua 20-fold, thaum lawv cov luminous flux ( teeb pom kev zoo) tau txhim kho 40-fold. Qhov no tsis tsuas yog txuag cov neeg siv nyiaj xwb tab sis kuj tau pab tsoomfwv txiav cov pa roj carbon emissions.
Hauv Is Nrias teb, piv txwv li, LED kev lag luam loj hlob 130-fold hauv tsib xyoos: los ntawm 5 lab muag khoom txhua xyoo hauv xyoo 2014 txog 670 lab hauv 2018. LEDs tam sim no xa 30 terawatt- teev ntawm kev txuag hluav taws xob txhua xyoo - txaus rau lub zog 28 lab Indian tsev lossis tag nrho lub tebchaws Denmark rau ib xyoos. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, LED teeb cov nqi poob los ntawm ib puag ncig £ 4.50 hauv 2014 txog £ 0.78 hauv 2019. LEDs kuj tau ua lub hnub ci teeb pom kev zoo hauv tsev pheej yig dua thiab ua haujlwm zoo hauv Is Nrias teb, qhov twg ntau yam tsis muaj kab hluav taws xob nkag.
Hauv cov huab cua kub zoo li Is Nrias teb, LEDs muab cov txiaj ntsig ntxiv: lawv pab ua kom lub tsev txias. Incandescents nkim 95% ntawm lub zog raws li cua sov, ua rau qhov chaw tsis xis nyob hauv cov huab cua uas twb muaj zog lawm - feem ntau yuam kev cia siab rau cov cua txias tsis zoo. LEDs, los ntawm qhov sib txawv, poob qis zog raws li cua sov, tiv thaiv cov cua sov tsis tsim nyog ntawm tib neeg thiab qhov chaw.
Enabling Factors rau LED Dominance
Tus tsav tsheb tseem ceeb ntawm LED kev loj hlob tau poob nqi. Ua tsaug rau kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev tsim teeb pom kev zoo thiab loj- teev ntau lawm, LED cov nqi tau poob rau ntau xyoo lawm. Thaum LEDs thawj zaug hauv UK, cov neeg siv khoom tau them txog £ 9 ib lub teeb -tsis xav txog hnub no, nrog £ 1 LEDs tam sim no muaj ntau. Cov nqi poob sai sai uas lub teeb tuaj yeem raug nqi £ 1 tsawg dua hauv ib xyoos xwb.
Tus nqi poob qis no txhawb nqa LED kev loj hlob hauv ob txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb: ua ntej, cov nqi tam sim no ua rau LEDs siv tau rau ze li ntawm txhua tus neeg siv khoom, txhawb kev muag khoom thiab kev nkag mus; Thib ob, cov nqi qis ua rau luv luv rov qab los ntawm kev nqis peev (ROI), nrog qee qhov kev kwv yees muab tso rau ntawm 3-4 lub hlis. Qee zaum, ROI tuaj yeem ncav cuag 525%, txawm tias qhov no nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv xws li kev siv thiab cov nqi hluav taws xob.
Kev cai lij choj ntawm tsoomfwv thiab kev taw qhia txog kev ua tau zoo, kev ua tau zoo, thiab theem- tawm los kuj ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Txhawm rau kom ceev tau txais LED, tsoomfwv thoob ntiaj teb tau qhia txog kev ntsuas zoo li yam tsawg kawg nkaus thiab cov qauv kev ua haujlwm zoo. Cov kev cai lij choj no tau txiav txim siab qhov muag tsis muaj txiaj ntsig thiab hloov lub peev xwm tsim khoom mus rau LEDs, tsim cov nplai uas xav tau los tsav cov nqi sai. Raws li EU txoj cai, 2021 tuaj yeem khij qhov kawg ntawm kev muag khoom thiab halogen noob hauv UK.
Kev loj hlob ntawm cov neeg siv khoom xav tau rau tus nqi siv tau-txuag thev naus laus zis kuj tau txhawb nqa LEDs. Lub teeb pom kev zoo tso cai rau tib neeg txo kev noj haus (los ntawm kev hloov luv luv- lub neej qhov muag teev) thiab txiav emissions yam tsis muaj kev paub tshwj xeeb lossis kev nqis peev loj. Piv rau halogens, LEDs ua tau zoo ntawm tus nqi: halogens nyob ib puag ncig 2,000 teev (kwv yees li ob xyoos ntawm kev siv nruab nrab), thaum LEDs kav ntev li 25,000 teev- xa mus ntev- txuag lub sijhawm thiab txo cov khoom pov tseg. Tag nrho LED saws txuag lub tsev nruab nrab £ 40 txhua xyoo. Rau cov neeg siv khoom, kev lag luam, thiab tsoomfwv ib yam nkaus, cov kev txuag nqi no - ua ke nrog cov nqi LED poob - ua rau LEDs yog qhov kev xaiv ua ntej.
Scope thiab pov thawj
Asmeskas cov chaw tsim khoom Fairchild Optoelectronics tau tsim cov khoom siv teeb pom kev zoo hauv xyoo 1970s, tab sis LEDs tseem kim khoom kim heev rau ntau xyoo.
Nyob rau hauv 2006, Philips Teeb pom kev zoo (tom qab ntawd deriving ~ 2/3 ntawm kev muag khoom los ntawm incandescents) hloov mus rau scaled LED ntau lawm; tam sim no renamed Signify, nws yog ib tug saum toj kawg nkaus 5 ntiaj teb no LED manufacturers nrog ~ £ 6 billion nyiaj tau los txhua xyoo.
LEDs kav ntev ~ 25,000 teev, xa mus ntev - txuag cov neeg siv khoom.
Brazil thiab Venezuela pib phasing tawm qhov muag teev tsis muaj txiaj ntsig hauv xyoo 2005; EU, Australia, thiab Switzerland tau ua raws li xyoo 2009.
Tebchaws Asmeskas tau pib nws theem- tawm hauv 2007 (tshem tawm los ntawm Trump cov thawj coj hauv 2019).
Hauv 2018, teeb pom kev zoo suav txog ~ 13% ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb thiab 5% ntawm cov pa roj carbon emissions thoob ntiaj teb txhua xyoo.
Niaj hnub no, LEDs raug nqi \\(2–\\)5, siv 90% tsawg zog dua incandescents (xws li halogens), thiab 60% tsawg tshaj li qub fluorescents.
LED muag tau nce los ntawm 37% ntawm lub ntiaj teb teeb pom kev muag khoom hauv 2018 txog 46% hauv 2019.
Feem ntau tsoomfwv thiab cov tuam txhab tam sim no muaj cov cai los txhawb nqa LED, uas tau tsav los ntawm cov nqi thiab kev txuag hluav taws xob.
Ib tsab ntawv ceeb toom EU yuav xaus qhov muag teeb thiab halogen noob los ntawm 2021.
Kev hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb mus rau siab - LEDs ua tau zoo tuaj yeem txiav 1.4 billion tonnes ntawm CO₂ emissions, tshem tawm qhov xav tau rau 1,250 lub chaw nres tsheb tshiab.
Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg Hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau kwv yees LEDs tuaj yeem txiav lub tebchaws siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob los ntawm 29% los ntawm 2025, txuag tsev neeg ~ £ 80 billion.
Hauv tebchaws Askiv, kev siv hluav taws xob ntau hauv tsev yuav txiav £ 2 billion los ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob thiab tiv thaiv 8 lab tonnes ntawm carbon emissions.
Tag nrho LED saws txuag qhov nruab nrab UK tsev neeg ~ £ 40 txhua xyoo.
Qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog thawj zaug luam tawm ntawm Nestalub vev xaib ntawm no.
Ua ke, peb ua kom nws zoo dua.
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