Evolution of Lighting: Los ntawm Incandescents rau LEDs
Lub teeb incandescenttau hloov pauv lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg siv hluav taws xob, tab sis nws qhov kev ua tsis tau zoo - feem ntau ntawm nws lub zog raws li cua sov - tsis raug nug txog thaum xyoo 1970s roj shocks. Hauv kev teb, tsoomfwv tau txhawb nqa kev siv hluav taws xob, thiab cov thawj coj hauv kev lag luam xws li Philips thiab Osram tau nqis peev ntau hauv lwm txoj hauv kev, txhawb nqa los ntawm cov cai lij choj kom tshem tawm cov qhov muag tsis zoo.
Thawj qhov kev xaiv yog lub teeb pom kev zoo fluorescent (CFL), tsib lub zog ntau dua -ntau dua li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Tab sis cov neeg siv khoom tsis nyiam nws qhov hnyav xiav -dawb ci thiab qeeb sov- nce. Halogen qhov muag teev luv luv tau txais kev hloov pauv tab sis tsuas yog muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo me ntsis dua li cov teeb ci. Tom qab ntawd LEDs tau tshwm sim ua kev ua si - hloov pauv.
LEDs tuav lub peev xwm tseem ceeb rau kev saws sai thiab txiav cov pa roj carbon emissions. Lawv tsim lub teeb tam sim ntawd, phim lub hnub ci lub teeb xim xim, thiab tsim kom muaj cua sov tsawg - tsis zoo li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, uas nkim li 95% ntawm lub zog raws li cua sov. Lub tuam txhab Asmeskas Fairchild Optoelectronics tau tsim cov khoom lag luam LED thaum ntxov li xyoo 1970, tab sis LEDs tseem kim khoom kim heev rau ntau xyoo. Nws tsis yog txog xyoo 2000, thaum ob lub teb chaws muaj kev lag luam thiab kev tsim kho tau teeb tsa qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws / cov qauv kev ua tau zoo thiab lub sijhawm ruaj khov rau kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, qhov kev muag khoom tau maj mam hloov mus rau qis - kev xaiv hluav taws xob.
Unsurprisingly, LED saws ceev thiab teev sib txawv raws lub teb chaws vim muaj kev sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv txoj cai, kev lag luam, thiab kev siv hluav taws xob. Txij li thaum xyoo 2015, ntau tus neeg siv khoom tseem txuas rau cov qhov muag teev, saib halogen / incandescent lwm yam tsis txaus. Tab sis xyoo tas los no tau coj kev txhim kho zoo kawg nkaushauv LED zoo, tsim, nqi, thiab functionality, spurring ceev uptake. Niaj hnub no, LEDs raug nqi \\(2–\\)5 thiab siv 90% tsawg zog dua incandescents (xws li halogens) thiab 60% tsawg dua qub fluorescents. Los ntawm 2019, lawv tau nce ~ 46% ntawm kev muag khoom teeb pom kev zoo thoob ntiaj teb, nce los ntawm 37% hauv 2018.
Tsoom fwv Push rau LED saws
Tsoom fwv - tau coj tsav mus rau theem tawm qhov muag tsis zoo - qhov tseem ceeb rau LED kev loj hlob - pib xyoo 2005 hauv Brazil thiab Venezuela. EU, Australia, thiab Switzerland tau ua raws li lawv tus kheej theem- tawm hauv xyoo 2009. Tam sim no, tsoomfwv thiab tuam txhab feem ntau muaj cov cai los txhawb kev siv LED, kos los ntawm lawv cov nqi thiab lub zog-txuag cov txiaj ntsig. Tebchaws Asmeskas tau pib ua haujlwm tsis zoo hauv xyoo 2007 (txawm hais tias Trump cov thawj coj tau ncua lub sijhawm- tawm hauv 2019), thaum EU cov lus qhia yuav xaus qhov muag muag thiab halogen thaum xyoo 2021.
Kev nthuav dav ntawm LED Kev Loj Hlob
LEDs qhia tias muaj zog npaum li cas, kev cuam tshuam tsoomfwv cov cai tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov khoom tsis zoo, khib nyiab. Yog tsis muaj cov kev cai zoo li no, kev lag luam yuav tsis muaj kev txhawb siab kom tso tseg cov teeb pom kev zoo tshaj plaws. Qhov tseem ceeb, txoj cai no feem ntau tsom rau cov kev xav tau ntawm kev ua haujlwm, tsis yog cov thev naus laus zis tshwj xeeb, cia cov lag luam tsim cov kev daws teeb meem. Qhov tshwm sim yog qhov poob qis tsis tu ncua ntawm halogens thiab incandescents, nqa cov nqi txuag rau cov lag luam thiab cov neeg siv khoom ib yam.
LEDs twb tau txiav teeb pom kev zoo tag nrho lub zog siv: xyoo 2018, teeb pom kev zoo suav txog ~ 13% ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb, thiab ntawm cov nqi saws tam sim no, qhov no yuav tsum poob mus rau 8% los ntawm 2030. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv hluav taws xob feem ntau tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab xav tau kev txhawb nqa tas li. IEA sau tseg tias lub ntiaj teb kev siv hluav taws xob tau txais txiaj ntsig tau qeeb txij li xyoo 2015, tab sis kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tseem ceeb rau kev txo tag nrho kev siv hluav taws xob.
Lub teeb pom kev zoo tam sim no ua rau 13% ntawm kev xav tau hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb thiab 5% ntawm cov pa roj carbon emissions thoob ntiaj teb txhua xyoo (rau cov ntsiab lus, kev xa khoom thoob ntiaj teb emits 1.7%). Tseem muaj peev xwm loj heev los txiav cov teeb pom kev zoo- ntsig txog emissions: qee qhov kev kwv yees hais tias lub ntiaj teb hloov mus rau siab - LEDs ua tau zoo tuaj yeem txo CO₂ los ntawm 1.4 billion tonnes, zam qhov xav tau rau 1,250 lub chaw nres tsheb fais fab tshiab - qhov yeej loj heev rau kev txo qis thiab huab cua zoo.
LEDs kuj tseem qhia txog qhov kev txiav txim siab ua lag luam ua lag luam tau them sai npaum li cas. Cov neeg tsim khoom tau txais kev pheej hmoo los hloov los ntawm cov teeb pom kev tsis zoo rau LEDs. Xyoo 2006, Philips Teeb pom kev zoo - tom qab ntawd tau txais ze li ob -feem peb ntawm kev muag khoom los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob - txiav txim siab los ntsuas cov khoom siv LED hloov. Qhov kev tawm dag zog no tau ntsib kev tawm tsam muaj zog hauv lub tuam txhab thiab los ntawm cov tswv lag luam, tab sis nws ua tiav: tam sim no lub npe hu ua Signify, lub tuam txhab yog ntawm tsib lub ntiaj teb LED tsim, nrog ~ £ 6 billion hauv cov nyiaj tau los txhua xyoo.
Tsis tas li ntawd, kev hloov teeb pom kev zoo qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus kheej ua haujlwm los txiav cov pa roj carbon emissions. Txawm tias cov kev xaiv me me, sib npaug thoob plaws ntau lab tus tib neeg, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau ib puag ncig thiab nyiaj txiag. Kev khaws nyiaj khaws cia rau cov neeg siv khoom pab txhawb kev hloov pauv hauv lub peev txheej. Tshaj li kev ua tau zoo thiab cov txiaj ntsig ib puag ncig, LEDs txuag cov neeg siv nyiaj: US Department of Energy kwv yees LEDs tuaj yeem txiav lub teeb pom kev zoo siv hluav taws xob los ntawm 29% los ntawm 2025, txuag tsev neeg ~ £ 80 billion ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob. Hauv tebchaws Askiv, kev siv LED thoob plaws hauv tsev yuav txiav £ 2 billion los ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob thiab tiv thaiv 8 lab tonnes ntawm carbon emissions. Thawj qhov peev los hloov mus rau LEDs hauv UK yog them rov qab hauv 3-4 lub hlis xwb, thiab txhua tsev neeg tuaj yeem txuag tau ~ £ 40 ib xyoos ib zaug nrog kev saws me nyuam tag nrho.
Cov ntsiab lus thiab keeb kwm yav dhau
Lub teeb lub hauv paus pib hnub rau xyoo 1761 - ntxov dua Volta - thaum Ebenezer Kinnersley tau pom cov teeb pom kev zoo los ntawm cov xaim cua sov. Tab sis nws tsis yog txog thaum xyoo 1879 uas Thomas Alva Edison patented lub teeb hluav taws xob uas yuav ua lag luam rau ze li ob puas xyoo. Nws cleverly yuav patents los ntawm lwm inventors los tsim ib tug ua hauj lwm cov khoom.
Lub teeb incandescent hloov lub neej thiab ua haujlwm rau cov uas muaj hluav taws xob. Nws 19th- thiab 20th-xyoo pua dominance los ntawm tsis muaj kev sib tw thiab poob nqi. Raws li Edison famously hais tias, "Tsuas yog cov nplua nuj thiaj li muaj peev xwm hlawv tswm ciab"; los ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, kev siv teeb pom kev zoo yog 100,000 npaug siab dua li xyoo pua 18th.
Txawm li cas los xij, tsim kom muaj txiaj ntsig, ntev - qhov muag teev tsis tau yooj yim. Nyob rau xyoo 1920, ib lub tuam txhab tsim khoom hu ua "Phoebus" (xws li Osram, Philips, thiab GE cov koom haum) tau sib koom ua qhov muag teeb nrog lub neej luv dua ua ntej.
Ceev ceev- mus rau tiam 21st: ib zaug LEDs 'kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws tau dhau los ua qhov tseeb, qhov kev hloov pauv ua rau lawv tsis txaus ntseeg - tab sis cov lus cog tseg ntawm kev txuag hluav taws xob loj yeej tawm. Kev nkag mus rau hauv kev lag luam tau qeeb dua li cov neeg txhawb nqa LED tau cia siab, yog li tsoomfwv tau nqis los txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom tau txais txiaj ntsig sai, txhim kho LED ntau lawm, thiab theem tawm qhov muag tsis zoo. Tsoomfwv tau muaj kev txhawb siab ntxiv: cov nqi teeb pom kev zoo rau pej xeem noj ntau feem ntawm cov peev nyiaj hauv nroog. Piv txwv li, cov teeb pom kev zoo rau pej xeem suav txog 20–40% ntawm US councils 'cov nqi hluav taws xob.
Raws li kev cia siab, tsoomfwv cov cai nruj thiab cov qauv kev ua haujlwm tau ua rau txo qis cov nqi LED, ua rau lawv pheej yig ntau lab thiab txhawb kev lag luam. Tshaj li ob xyoo lawm,LED teebcov nqi poob ntau dua 20-fold, thaum lawv cov luminous flux ( teeb pom kev zoo) txhim kho 40-fold. Qhov no tsis tsuas yog txuag nyiaj rau cov neeg siv khoom xwb tab sis kuj tau pab tsoomfwv txiav cov pa roj carbon emissions.
Hauv Is Nrias teb, piv txwv li, LED kev lag luam loj hlob 130-fold hauv tsib xyoos: los ntawm 5 lab muag khoom txhua xyoo hauv xyoo 2014 txog 670 lab hauv 2018. LEDs tam sim no txuag tau 30 terawatt- teev lub zog txhua xyoo-tsawg rau lub zog 28 lab Indian tsev lossis tag nrho ntawm Denmark rau ib xyoos. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, LED teeb cov nqi poob ntawm ~ £ 4.50 hauv 2014 mus rau £ 0.78 hauv 2019. LEDs kuj ua rau hnub ci teeb pom kev zoo hauv tsev pheej yig dua thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv Is Nrias teb, qhov twg ntau tsis muaj kab hluav taws xob.
Hauv cov huab cua kub zoo li Is Nrias teb, LEDs muaj txiaj ntsig ntxiv: lawv ua kom lub tsev txias. Incandescents nkim 95% ntawm lub zog raws li cua sov, ua rau qhov chaw tsis xis nyob hauv cov huab cua kub uas twb muaj lawm - feem ntau yuam kev cia siab rau qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, ua rau ACs tsis zoo. LEDs, los ntawm qhov sib txawv, poob qis zog raws li cua sov, tiv thaiv tsis tsim cua sov ntawm tib neeg thiab qhov chaw.
Enabling Factors rau LED Dominance
Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm LED kev loj hlob yog poob nqi. Ua tsaug rau kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev tsim teeb pom kev zoo thiab loj- teev ntau lawm, LED cov nqi poob rau ntau xyoo lawm. Thaum LEDs thawj zaug hauv UK, cov neeg siv khoom tau them txog £ 9 ib lub teeb - tsis xav txog tam sim no, nrog £ 1 LEDs ntau. Cov nqi poob sai heev uas lub teeb tuaj yeem raug nqi £ 1 tsawg dua hauv ib xyoos xwb.
Tus nqi poob qis no txhawb nqa LED kev loj hlob hauv ob txoj hauv kev: ua ntej, cov nqi tam sim no ua rau LEDs siv tau rau ze li ntawm txhua tus neeg siv khoom, txhawb kev muag khoom thiab kev nkag mus; thib ob, tus nqi qis ua rau luv luv ntawm kev nqis peev (ROI), nrog qee qhov kwv yees ntawm 3-4 lub hlis. Qee zaum, ROI tuaj yeem ncav cuag 525%, txawm tias qhov no nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv xws li kev siv thiab cov nqi hluav taws xob.
Cov kev cai lij choj ntawm tsoomfwv thiab kev taw qhia txog kev ua tau zoo, kev ua tau zoo, thiab theem- tawm los kuj ua lub luag haujlwm loj. Txhawm rau kom ceev LED saws, tsoomfwv thoob ntiaj teb tau qhia txog kev ntsuas zoo li yam tsawg kawg nkaus thiab cov qauv kev ua haujlwm zoo. Cov kev cai no tau txiav tawm qhov muag tsis zoo thiab hloov chaw tsim khoom mus rau LEDs, tsim kom muaj qhov ntsuas uas xav tau los txiav cov nqi sai. Raws li EU txoj cai, 2021 tuaj yeem yog xyoo tas los thiab cov qij halogen muag hauv UK.
Kev loj hlob ntawm cov neeg siv khoom xav tau rau tus nqi siv tau-txuag thev naus laus zis kuj txhawb nqa LEDs. Lub teeb pom kev zoo tso cai rau tib neeg txo kev noj haus (los ntawm kev hloov luv luv- lub neej qhov muag teev) thiab txiav emissions yam tsis muaj kev paub tshwj xeeb lossis kev nqis peev loj. Piv nrog rau halogens, LEDs ua tau zoo ntawm tus nqi: halogens kav ~ 2,000 teev (kwv yees li ob xyoos ntawm kev siv nruab nrab), thaum LEDs kav 25,000 teev, xa mus ntev - lub sij hawm txuag thiab txo cov khoom pov tseg. Tag nrho LED saws txuag lub tsev nruab nrab £ 40 txhua xyoo. Rau cov neeg siv khoom, kev lag luam, thiab tsoomfwv, cov nyiaj khaws cia no -ua ke nrog cov nqi LED poob - ua rau LEDs yog qhov kev xaiv zoo.
Scope thiab pov thawj
Lub tuam txhab Asmeskas Fairchild Optoelectronics tau tsim cov khoom lag luam LED hauv xyoo 1970s, tab sis LEDs tseem kim khoom kim heev rau ntau xyoo.
Xyoo 2006, Philips Teeb pom kev zoo (tom qab ntawd tau txais ~ 2/3 ntawm kev muag khoom los ntawm incandescents) hloov mus rau scaled LED ntau lawm; tam sim no lub npe hu ua Signify, nws yog lub ntiaj teb sab saum toj 5 LED tsim nrog ~ £ 6 billion hauv cov nyiaj tau los txhua xyoo.
LEDs kav ntev ~ 25,000 teev, xa mus ntev - txuag cov neeg siv khoom.
Brazil thiab Venezuela pib phasing tawm qhov muag teev tsis muaj txiaj ntsig hauv xyoo 2005; EU, Australia, thiab Switzerland tau ua raws li xyoo 2009.
Tebchaws Asmeskas tau pib nws theem- tawm hauv 2007 (tshem tawm los ntawm Trump cov thawj coj hauv 2019).
Hauv 2018, teeb pom kev zoo suav txog ~ 13% ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb thiab 5% ntawm cov pa roj carbon emissions thoob ntiaj teb txhua xyoo.
Niaj hnub no, LEDs raug nqi \\(2–\\)5 thiab siv 90% tsawg zog dua incandescents (xws li halogens) thiab 60% tsawg dua qub fluorescents.
LED muag tau nce los ntawm 37% ntawm lub ntiaj teb teeb pom kev muag khoom hauv 2018 txog 46% hauv 2019.
Feem ntau tsoomfwv thiab tuam txhab lag luam muaj cov cai los txhawb kev siv LED, uas tau tsav los ntawm cov nqi thiab kev txuag hluav taws xob.
Daim ntawv qhia EU yuav xaus kev muag khoom thiab halogen los ntawm 2021.
Kev hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb mus rau siab - LEDs ua tau zoo tuaj yeem txiav CO₂ los ntawm 1.4 billion tonnes, zam 1,250 lub chaw nres tsheb fais fab tshiab.
Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg Hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau kwv yees tias LEDs tuaj yeem txo cov teeb pom kev zoo hauv lub tebchaws los ntawm 29% los ntawm 2025, txuag tsev neeg kwv yees li 80 billion.
Hauv tebchaws Askiv, kev siv LED thoob plaws hauv tsev yuav txiav £ 2 billion los ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob thiab tiv thaiv 8 lab tonnes ntawm carbon emissions.
Tag nrho LED saws txuag qhov nruab nrab UK tsev neeg ~ £ 40 txhua xyoo.
Ua ke, peb ua kom nws zoo dua.
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