Standardized Test rau LEDs Extends rau teeb pom kev zoo Fixtures
LEDs yog qhov ruaj khov thiab tsis tshua muaj kev puas tsuaj loj. Ib hom kev ua tsis tiav ntau dua yog fading kom txog thaum lub teeb tso zis tsis haum rau lub hom phiaj npaj. Qhov poob ntawm luminosity thiab hloov xim yog maj mam, thiab muaj peev xwm LED "lub neej" (lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub cuab yeej tsis haum rau lub hom phiaj) ntau tshaj 50,000 teev yog ua tau.
Standardized tests enables LED manufacturers muab teeb pom kev zoo engineers nrog ntau kwv yees ntawm lub neej ntawm lawv cov khoom yam tsis muaj cov tuam txhab uas muag yuav tsum tau mus rau lub impractically ntev txheej txheem ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas cov chips ua tsis tau tejyam.
Lub LED nws tus kheej yog tab sis ib feem me me ntawm ib qho khoom siv - lub xeev teeb pom kev zoo. Thaum muab tso rau hauv ib qho kev sib txuas, lub lumen thiab xim kho ntawm LED tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm cov yam ntxwv xws li cua sov, lub zog hloov pauv, thiab kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov tshuab uas tsis muaj nyob rau hauv thawj qhov kev sim. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tsim hluav taws xob teeb pom kev zoo tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam loj npaum li cas ntawm cov xwm txheej no, thiab yog li tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los txhim kho lawv cov kev tsim kho kom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv lub neej.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem ntsuas tus qauv thiab ib txoj hauv kev los siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev xeem los kwv yees lub neej kev ua haujlwm tam sim no tau tsim los ntawm Illuminated Engineering Society of North America's (IESNA) Testing Procedures Committee thiab yog nyob rau theem kawg kev pom zoo. Kab lus no piav qhia txog qhov kev sim thiab kev kwv yees ua haujlwm li cas thiab yuav ua li cas nws yuav pab kom cov neeg tsim teeb pom kev zoo los txhim kho lawv cov khoom siv kom ntev.
Kev kuaj LEDs
Raws li US Department of Energy, teeb pom kev zoo lub neej muaj feem xyuam rau kev ua haujlwm (piv txwv li, qhov kub thiab txias thiab lub luag haujlwm lub voj voog), tab sis feem ntau tus neeg siv yuav xav kom lub teeb pom kev zoo mus txog 1,000 teev thiab halogen ob zaug ntev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov raj fluorescent, lub tshuab ballast hnyav hnyav rau cov khoom lag luam lub neej; nrog pheej yig ballast, lub raj yuav kav ntev li 20,000 teev nce mus rau 30,000 rau hom kim dua.
Tau kawg, LEDs ua tsis tiav. Qee zaum qhov kev ua tsis tiav no yog kev puas tsuaj loj; Piv txwv li, epoxy resin siv los encapsulate tuag tuaj yeem overheat thiab nthuav, tso siab rau cov cuab yeej sib txuas kom txog thaum lawv muab txoj hauv kev. Electrostatic paug (ESD) tuaj yeem ua rau tsis ua haujlwm tam sim ntawm LED lub semiconductor junction. Lwm qhov ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj tsis zoo yog tsim cov hlau nplaum, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntub dej lossis qhov chaw uas cov LED raug rau cov neeg kho tshuab kev ntxhov siab, uas txuas txuas txuas ua rau luv luv.
Txawm li cas los xij, muab cov LEDs tau tsav thiab khaws cia txias raws li cov chaw tsim khoom cov lus pom zoo, cov cuab yeej zoo li ua tau zoo heev thiab tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm lawv ua tsis tau zoo. Qhov tshwm sim ntau dua yog tias LED yuav maj mam ploj mus txog thaum nws lub teeb tso zis tsis txaus rau lub hom phiaj uas nws tau npaj tseg (txhais los ntawm kev lag luam teeb pom kev zoo tsawg dua 70 feem pua ntawm nws cov zis thaum tshiab lossis "L70").
Qhov no yog qhov sib piv rau cov teeb pom kev zoo ib txwm muaj uas yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntau dua. (Lub teeb pom kev zoo tuaj yeem txo qhov ci ntsa iab los ntawm 20 mus rau 30 feem pua ntawm nws lub neej, tab sis cov khoom siv feem ntau tuag zoo ua ntej cov neeg siv khoom ceeb toom (Daim duab 1).
Daim duab 1: Lumen kho nkhaus rau ib txwm teeb pom kev zoo thiab LEDs. Nco ntsoov qhov nyiam ntawm cov teeb pom kev zoo ib txwm ua kom tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj ua ntej pom lumen degradation.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm qee qhov kev puas tsuaj loj thiab tsis tshua muaj kev poob qis hauv lub teeb pom kev zoo txhais tau tias muaj peev xwm LED lub neej ntev tshaj li 40,000, 50,000, lossis 60,000 teev tsis yog qhov kev cia siab tsis tsim nyog.
Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig kev lag luam, cov tuam txhab lag luam tsis tuaj yeem cia siab tias yuav raug lawv cov LEDs mus rau qhov kev sim ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm rau xyoo txhawm rau ua pov thawj lawv cov lus thov ntev. Hloov chaw, ib qho kev sim luv luv, ua ke nrog cov qauv kev nthuav dav ntawm cov qauv sib txawv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xeem, yog siv los txiav txim siab ntev npaum li cas.LED yuav kav ntev. Cov neeg tsim khoom loj LED niaj hnub raug lawv cov khoom rau qhov kev sim, tsim los ntawm IESNA thiab dubbed LM-80, "Pom zoo txoj hauv kev rau Lumen Maintenance Tests ntawm LED Teeb Qhov Chaw".
Ob lub chaw soj ntsuam hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) thiab National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), nrog rau ib pab pawg ntawm 6 tus tsim LED (xws li OSRAM thiab Cree), tau tsim daim ntawv Memorandum (TM-21, "Projecting Long Term Lumen Kho ntawm LED Teeb Qhov Chaw") txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem ntxiv rau kev kuaj xyuas lumen siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm LM-80.
Lub algorithm tsis quav ntsej cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm thawj 1,000 teev, tab sis siv nws los ntawm 5,000 teev dhau los ntawm qhov kev xeem (lossis kawg 50 feem pua ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev xeem ntau dua 10,000 teev (Daim duab 2)). Cov ntaub ntawv tom qab ntawd haum rau hauv tus qauv exponential extrapolation siv tsawg kawg -squares nkhaus txoj kev. Qhov L70extrapolation yog ces qhov qis dua ntawm qhov tshwm sim L70lub sij hawm los yog rau lub sij hawm LM-80 xeem. Piv txwv li, nrog 6,000 teev ntawm LM-80 cov ntaub ntawv xeem, ces L70= 36,000 teev. Nrog 10,000 teev ntawm LM-80 cov ntaub ntawv xeem, ces L70= 60,000 teev.1(Saib TechZone tsab xov xwm "Txiav txim siab LED Rated Lub Neej: Ib qho nyuaj nyuaj.")
Daim duab 2: Piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xeem LM-80 siv rau L70extrapolation.
Kev lag luam LEDs khav theeb impressive L70tshwm sim. Philips Lumileds hais tias nws LUXEON Rebel dawb LED, ib qho 105 lm / W (ntawm 350 mA) ntaus ntawv muab qhov siab tshaj plaws luminosity ntawm 226 lm (ntawm 1 A), tshaj lub zog hnub qub lumen kev saib xyuas nrog L70daim duab ntau tshaj 36,000 teev (Daim duab 3).
Daim duab 3: Cov txiaj ntsig rau Philips Lumileds 'LUXEON Rebel LED siv cov txheej txheem LM-80 thiab TM-21 extrapolation algorithm.
Cree thiab OSRAM hais tias lawv cov khoom siv siab - lub zog zoo li yav dhau los XLamp XM -L2, 153 lm / W (ntawm 700 mA) nti, thiab tom kawg OSLON SSL, 125 lm / W (ntawm 350 mA) nti, pab kom cov neeg tsim khoom siv lawv kom dhau lub hnub qub zog qauv.
Txwv rau LEDs
Qhov teeb meem nrog cov qauv kev sim tam sim no yog tias lawv tsuas yog sim lub neej ntev ntawm LED nws tus kheej. Qhov ntawd yog cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig, tab sis thaum lub nti tau muab tso rau hauv ib qho kev sib tw muaj ntau ntau uas tuaj yeem mus tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog ib qho tsis muaj zog, tab sis tej zaum tseem ceeb dua yog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv thermal tswj vim tias cov cua sov ntau dhau tau lees paub tias yog tus naj npawb ib "killer" ntawm LEDs.
Raws li Cree, "feem ntau ntawm LED tsis ua hauj lwm mechanisms yog qhov kub thiab txias - nyob ntawm. Qhov kub ntawm qhov sib txuas ua rau lub teeb txo qis thiab ua kom cov nti degradation."2
Lub hauv paus ua rau fading nyob rau hauv ib qho LED yog vim degradation ntawm lub sab hauv cov qauv ntawm cov tuag nws tus kheej, thiab qhov degradation yog aggravated los ntawm kub kub. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, nyob rau hauv quantum efficiency, ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm electron- qhov recombinations ntawm lub nti tus n-type/p- hom junction uas ua rau ib tug emission photon ntawm ib tug pom wavelength, mus down raws li dislocations nyob rau hauv lub nti lub crystal qauv multiply. Qhov no yog vim qhov dislocations txhawb kom tsis yog -radiative recombination thiab, raws li lub npe qhia, tsis yog -radiative ua ke tsis ua rau ib tug emission photon.
LED chipmakersua hauj lwm nyuaj kom txo tau tus naj npawb ntawm qhov tsis xws luag hauv cov khoom siv thaum tshiab, tab sis cov txheej txheem tsim khoom semiconductor tsis zoo tag nrho thiab yuav muaj qee qhov txhaum. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm tus tsim engineers uas cuam tshuam rau lub neej ntev los ntawm kev txo cov kev sib txuam ntawm cov dislocations yog qhov kub thiab txias. (Saib TechZone tsab xov xwm "Nkag siab qhov ua rau fading hauv siab -Brightness LEDs.")
Ib qho kev sim tshiab rau LED teeb fixtures
Vim tias cov khoom siv teeb pom kev zoo ib txwm muaj yog cov khoom lag luam paub tab, cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog lub neej muaj ntau dua rau cov khoom siv no thiab cov neeg siv khoom txaus siab saib seb LEDs piv li cas. Cov xov xwm zoo yog tias cov teeb pom kev zoo - lub xeev yuav ci ntsa iab hauv qhov sib piv. Cov xov xwm phem yog tias cov tuam txhab lag luam ntsib cov teeb meem tib yam uas lawv tau ntsib nrog cov chips lawv tus kheej; kev sim mus rau qhov tsis ua hauj lwm yuav siv sij hawm ntev heev nws yog impractical.
Txog tam sim no, cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm "poob-hauv" hloov pauv rau cov teeb pom kev zoo ib txwm ua lawv qhov zoo tshaj plaws los muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev ua haujlwm ntev - ntawm lawv cov khoom raws li cov ntaub ntawv rau LED(s) ntawm lub plawv ntawm lawv cov khoom. Thaum siv cov ntaub ntawv xeem no los txiav txim lub neej ntawm ib qhoLED teeb pom kev zoofixture yog ib tug zoo pib, nws tsuas yog yuav muab ib qho approximation vim hais tias ntawm lwm yam uas yuav shorten lub fixture lub neej.
LED dynamics tau qhia txog qhov nws hais tias yog thawj lub lag luam -muaj LED-raws li T8 fluorescent tube hloov. Cov cuab yeej muaj txog li 1,900 lm ntawm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm 94 lm / W nrog Xim Rendering Index (CRI) ntawm 85. Hu rau EverLED-VE, cov khoom siv muaj nyob rau hauv 4,000 thiab 5,000 K tus qauv xim kub. LEDdynamics 'datasheet hais tias EverLED-VE muaj lub neej nyob ntawm 10 xyoo thiab cov neeg siv khoom yuav tsum cia siab rau xoom feem pua tsis ua haujlwm rau lub neej.
Ib yam li ntawd, ROHM Semiconductor muab ib qho poob -nyob rau hauv kev hloov rau incandescent qhov muag teev, R-B15L1 (Daim duab 4). Lub teeb tsim 550 lm ntawm lub zog noj ntawm 8 W (rau qhov ua tau zoo ntawm 69 lm / W). R-B15L1 ua haujlwm ncaj qha los ntawm 100 VACinput, thiab ROHM thov ib "lifespan" ntawm 40,000 teev.
Daim duab 4: ROHM's R-B15L1 muaj kev thov lub neej ntawm 40,000 teev.
Dab tsi yog qhov xav tau tiag tiag yog kev lag luam - tus qauv ntsuas txoj hauv kev los ntsuas lub neej ntawm txhua lub teeb pom kev zoo LED. IESNA tau teb rau qhov kev thov no los ntawm kev siv txoj hauv kev zoo sib xws rau qhov siv los sim cov LEDs nyob ib leeg. Cov txheej txheem xeem, LM-84 "LED Teeb, Cav thiab Luminaire Lumen thiab Xim Kho Kev Ntsuas", yog nyob rau hauv nws qhov kawg kev pom zoo nrog IESNA pawg neeg.
Cov ntaub ntawv piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem uas yuav tsum tau ua kom tau txais cov lumen zoo ib yam thiab rov ua dua tshiab thiab kev ntsuas xim xim raws li cov qauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov ntsuas kub ntawm 25 ± 5℃thiab lub teeb pom kev zoo ntawm 11 teev rau, 1 teev tawm.
Txawm li cas los xij, LM-84 yuav tsis muab tag nrho zaj dab neeg. Zoo li nws tus khub LM-80, LM-84 tsuas yog muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov zoo ntawm cov xim thiab luminosity yog khaws cia nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv. Hmoov tsis zoo, nws tsis muab kev taw qhia lossis ua ib qho kev pom zoo txog kev kwv yees kwv yees lossis ntxiv rau lumen lossis xim xim tshaj qhov txwv ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov tseeb.
Txaus siab rau qhov yuav tsum tau ua kev kwv yees txog ntev npaum li cas LED teeb pom kev zoo yuav ua tau raws li lub hom phiaj, IESNA tab tom txhim kho mus rau txoj hauv kev uas yuav muab cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas LM-84 ntawm cov teeb pom kev zoo nrog cov ntaub ntawv tshiab TM-28 uas tsim cov txheej txheem rau kev ntsuas cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas (ntau) ntev dua. Txoj hauv kev sib piv txoj kev LM-80 thiab TM-21 yog siv los kwv yees nyob ib leegLED lumenthiab kho xim.
Cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm TM-28 yuav zoo ib yam li TM-21. Qhov kev kwv yees yuav ua raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas nruab nrab, txo qis cov ntsuas ntsuas uas tsis ua haujlwm thaum lub sijhawm kuaj; cov lej siv hauv TM-28 yuav tsis txawv ntawm TM-21, thiab qhov projection ntev yuav tsum yog raws li tus qauv loj thiab qib kev ntseeg siab uas ua rau muaj kev nkag siab zoo.
Ib qho teeb meem uas pawg neeg ntsib yog qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Thaum TM-21 tau tsim rau LEDs, muaj tsawg kawg yog 40 pawg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no, qee qhov rau LEDs uas tau sim dhau 10,000 teev, uas tuaj yeem siv los ntsuas TM-21 lub hauv paus lej. Cov ntaub ntawv sib piv LED luminaire kuaj cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj ntau.
Ib qho kev daws teeb meem hauv kev txiav txim siab yog tsom iav qhov xav tau ntawm LM-80 rau 6,000 teev (lossis ntau dua) ntawm kev sim thiab siv tib lub algorithm rau xim thiab luminosity tu projection. Qhov ntawd tau qhib rau cov lus nug seb cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm LED teeb raug sim nrog tsawg dua 6,000 teev tseem tuaj yeem siv los ua qhov projections. Kev lag luam tau mob siab los txo lub sijhawm thiab tus nqi ntawm cov kev sim no thiab muaj qhov ua ntej: Lub Hnub Qub Zog tso cai rau 3,000-teev LED teeb ntsuas cov ntaub ntawv siv rau kev tsim nyog.
Pab pawg neeg ua haujlwm TM-28 tau muab piv rau 3,000- thiab 6,000-teev LM-80 cov ntaub ntawv xeem rau LEDs thiab xaus lus tias muaj kev sib raug zoo txaus ntawm ob los ua qhov kev xav txog lub neej ntawm 3,000-teev cov ntaub ntawv. Cov algorithms siv los ua qhov project los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no zoo ib yam li cov uas tau piav qhia hauv TM-21, tab sis vim yog lub sijhawm sim luv dua, kev siv ntau dua ntawm txoj kev kwv yees yuav raug ntxiv.3
Tom ntej no yog dab tsi rau cov khoom- kuaj teeb pom kev hauv xeev?
Thaum luam tawm, cov ntaub ntawv LM-84 thiab TM-28 yuav raug siv ua ke rau LED teeb pom kev zoo tib yam uas LM-80 thiab TM-21 tau siv rau cov LEDs nyob ib leeg. Cov ntaub ntawv tshiab yuav ua rau lub teeb pom kev lag luam hauv lub xeev tau txais txoj hauv kev los txheeb xyuas cov xim thiab lumen ntawm lawv cov khoom, pab cov neeg siv khoom tsim teeb pom kev zoo li cas LED teeb pom kev sib piv nrog cov teeb pom kev zoo.
Txawm li cas los xij, vimLED teeb pom kev zooyog qhov deb -ntawm- kev lag luam paub tab, tseem muaj ntau txoj haujlwm ua. Lwm cov qauv thiab cov qauv ntsuas yog tsom rau cov khoom tshwj xeeb thiab cov yam ntxwv. Raws li US-based National Electrical Manufacturers Association's (NEMA) SSL 7A-2013 cov ntaub ntawv, "Theem -Txiav Dimming rau Khoom Khoom- Lub Xeev Teeb pom kev zoo: Yooj yim sib xws, "hais txog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob- lub xeev teeb pom kev zoo los ntawm kev muab cov kev xav tau sib haum xeeb rau kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob dimmable thiab xa mus rau theem- txiav dimmers (hom feem ntau).4
IESNA tseem tsis khoom, ib yam nkaus. Tom ntej no yuav zoo li LM-85 "IES Pom Zoo Method rau Kev Ntsuas Hluav Taws Xob thiab Photometric ntawm Siab -Power LEDs," uas hais txog kev ntsuas rau siab - LEDs uas yuav tsum tau lub heatsink rau ib txwm ua haujlwm, thiab suav nrog cov LEDs dawb nrog rau ib qho - xim LEDs. Tom qab ntawd muaj TM-26 "Projecting Rated Life rau pob khoom LED", uas yuav coj TM-21 L70lumen txij nkawm cov ntaub ntawv ib kauj ruam ntxiv los ntawm kev nce tus qauv loj thiab suav nrog kev puas tsuaj loj hauv kev suav kom los nrog lub ntsiab lus tseeb ntawm "LED rated life" es tsis yog "lumen tu lub neej."
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