LED ua haujlwm li cas?
Txawm hais tias tau siv ntau yam ntawm lub neej niaj hnub no, xws li teeb pom kev hauv peb lub tsev, siv lub xov tooj smartphones, thiab coj kev khiav tsheb, lub teeb -emitting diodes (LEDs) txawv ntawm ntau cov qauv teeb pom kev zoo xws li incandescent lossis fluorescent qhov muag teev vim lawv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob semiconductor physics.LEDssiv cov txheej txheem hu ua electroluminescence, uas yog lub emission ntawm photons (lub teeb hais) thaum ib tug hluav taws xob tam sim no ntws los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb ua semiconductor khoom. Qhov no yog qhov sib piv rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, uas tsim lub teeb los ntawm cua sov lub teeb, lossis fluorescents, uas siv roj thiab UV hluav taws xob. Peb yuav tsum xub soj ntsuam cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm semiconductors, tus tsim ntawm LED, thiab cov txheej txheem ua ntu zus uas hloov hluav taws xob rau hauv lub teeb pom kev kom nkag siab tias qhov no tshwm sim li cas.
Lub hauv paus: Bands ntawm Zog thiab Semiconductors
Txhua LED yog powered los ntawm ib tug semiconductor, ib yam khoom uas ua hluav taws xob tsis zoo dua conductors (xws li tooj liab) tab sis zoo dua insulators (xws li iav). Cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob- thaj chaw ntawm lub zog uas cov hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm nyob tau- yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib txawv. Cov hluav taws xob muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog hauv txhua yam khoom, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov khib nyiab, cov qib no ua ke los ua ob pawg loj: cov kab hluav taws xob thiab cov valence band.
Cov khoom siv atoms tau tuav ua ke hauv cov qauv crystalline los ntawm cov electrons nyob rau hauv lub valence band, uas yog ruaj khov rau cov atoms. Hluav taws xob conductivity yog ua tau los ntawm cov electrons nyob rau hauv lub conduction band, uas yog pub dawb los ntawm cov khoom. Qhov sib txawv band, ntau lub zog uas electrons tsis tuaj yeem nyob, muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob pawg no. Cov khoom siv qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov loj txiav txim siab seb nws puas yog ib qho insulator, conductor, lossis semiconductor: semiconductors muaj qhov sib txawv me me, ntsuas tau (electrons tuaj yeem hla qhov sib txawv nrog lub zog me me, zoo li hluav taws xob tam sim no), cov neeg siv hluav taws xob tsis muaj qhov sib txawv (electrons txav ntawm cov bands), thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj qhov sib txawv loj heev rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Lub semiconductor siv nyob rau hauv LEDs yog "doped", uas yog ib tug txheej txheem uas hloov cov khoom siv hluav taws xob cov yam ntxwv los ntawm kev ntxiv cov kab ntawm impurities. Ob leeg n-hom thiab p- hom semiconductors yog tsim los ntawm doping. Thaum cov khoom nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntxiv, xws li phosphorus, raug doped rau hauv N-hom semiconductors, lawv tuaj yeem txav mus rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab muab cov khoom tsis zoo. Cov ntsiab lus uas muaj tsawg dua electrons, zoo li boron, yog siv los dope P-hom semiconductors. Qhov no ua rau "qhov", lossis tsis muaj electrons nyob rau hauv valence band, uas ua haujlwm raws li cov nqi zoo thiab tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm cov khoom siv raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Ib qho LED ua haujlwm vim yog p-n kev sib tshuam, uas yog kev sib tshuam ntawm ob thaj chaw doped.
LED's Structure: Los ntawm lub teeb tso zis mus rau P-N Junction
Tus qauv ncaj nraim tsis yog qhov tseeb ntawm LED ua kom lub teeb pom kev zoo thaum txo qis zog. Nws p-n hlws ris nyob rau hauv ib txheej nyias ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor, feem ntau yog gallium-raws li, xws li gallium arsenide lossis gallium nitride. Lub substrate, ib lub hauv paus khoom uas muab kev txhawb nqa thiab pab nyob rau hauv lub tshav kub dissipation, yog qhov no semiconductor txheej yog txuas. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias overheating tuaj yeem ua rau lub neej ntev ntawm LED.
Ib lub electrode txuas rau p- hom cheeb tsam (lub anode, lub davhlau ya nyob twg zoo) thiab lwm yam rau n- hom cheeb tsam (cathode, lub davhlau ya nyob twg tsis zoo) nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm txheej semiconductor. Ib qho hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog tsim tawm thoob plaws p-n kev sib tshuam thaum muaj qhov hluav taws xob nkag mus thoob cov electrodes (cov cathode tsis zoo thiab cov anode zoo). Cov n- hom semiconductor cov khoom siv hluav taws xob dawb raug thawb mus rau qhov sib txuas los ntawm daim teb no, thaum lub p-hom semiconductor lub qhov yog kos rau tib txoj kev.
Txhawm rau kom lub teeb tsim tawm ntawm p-n kev sib tshuam kom dim, txheej txheej semiconductor yuav tsum yog pob tshab lossis ib nrab- pob tshab (los yog muaj txheej txheej ntawm ib sab). Niaj hnubLEDsntiav cov ntaub ntawv xws li gallium nitride (GaN), uas yog pob tshab rau pom lub teeb thiab lav tias feem ntau ntawm cov photons ncav cuag qhov chaw, tsis zoo li cov LEDs thaum ntxov, uas nquag siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob opaque uas txwv lub teeb tso zis. Lub p-n hlws ris ntawm lub semiconductor yog qhov chaw thawj lub teeb- txheej txheem tshwm sim, txawm hais tias qee qhov LEDs kuj muaj lub lens lossis txheej los tsom lub teeb lossis hloov nws cov xim.
Kauj Ruam 1: Siv Electron-Qhov Recombination thiab Voltage
Ib qho hluav taws xob sab nraud muab rau LED's electrodes pib lub teeb emission txheej txheem los ntawm kev tsim kom muaj kev tsis ncaj ncees rau pem hauv ntej, uas yog cov kev taw qhia kom zoo ntawm cov dej ntws tam sim noLEDua haujlwm; rov qab kev tsis ncaj ncees, ntawm qhov tod tes, nres tam sim no thiab tsis muaj teeb pom kev zoo. Dawb electrons los ntawm n- hom cheeb tsam yog nrawm mus rau p- hom cheeb tsam, thiab qhov ntawm p- hom cheeb tsam yog nrawm mus rau hauv n- hom cheeb tsam los ntawm thaj chaw hluav taws xob hla p-n kev sib tshuam thaum kev sib tw rau pem hauv ntej.
Cov electrons thiab qhov no thaum kawg tuaj ua ke ntawm lossis ze rau p-n kev sib tshuam thaum lawv mus rau tib qho kev taw qhia. Ib qho hluav taws xob dawb los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm n- hom cheeb tsam "poob" rau hauv lub qhov thaum nws sib tsoo nrog ib lub qhov los ntawm lub valence band ntawm p- hom cheeb tsam, hloov los ntawm lub zog siab dua nyob rau hauv lub conduction band mus rau ib tug qis zog theem nyob rau hauv lub valence band. Cov hluav taws xob thiab lub qhov tshem tawm ib leeg tawm thaum lub sijhawm hloov pauv no, uas yog hu ua recombination, thiab lub zog ntxiv uas lawv poob yog emitted li photon.
Qhov loj ntawm lub semiconductor qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau lub zog ntawm cov photon, uas muab lub teeb rau nws cov xim. Lub photon nrog lub zog siab dua (thiab luv dua wavelength, xws li xiav lossis violet lub teeb) yog tsim thaum lub tshuab hluav taws xob sib txuas nrog lub qhov thiab poob ntau lub zog vim qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov dav dav. Lub photon nrog lub wavelength ntev, xws li liab lossis txiv kab ntxwv lub teeb, thiab tsawg zog yog tsim los ntawm qhov sib txawv me me.
Piv txwv li:
Vim nws qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nqaim, gallium arsenide (GaAs) emits liab lub teeb nrog lub wavelength ntawm txog 650 nm.Vim nws qhov dav ntawm qhov sib txawv, gallium nitride (GaN) emits xiav lossis violet lub teeb nrog lub wavelength ntawm txog 450 nm.
Cov neeg tsim khoom tuaj yeem hloov kho qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv los tsim cov LEDs uas tsim teeb ntsuab, daj, lossis txawm tias dawb los ntawm kev sib txuas ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob (xws li gallium indium nitride, lossis InGaN) (ntxiv rau cov LEDs dawb hauv qab).
Kauj Ruam 2: Efficiency thiab Light Extraction
Qee cov photons uas tsim los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke yog absorbed los ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor nws tus kheej, thaum lwm tus muaj kev cuam tshuam tawm ntawm cov electrodes los yog p-n junction thiab raug tso tawm thaum tshav kub. Tsis yog tag nrho cov photons no tawm hauvLEDraws li pom lub teeb. Cov neeg tsim qauv LED siv ntau lub tswv yim los txhim kho "lub teeb rho tawm" txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo:
Substrates uas yog pob tshab: Feem ntau ntawm lub teeb tau daig los ntawm opaque substrates (xws li germanium) siv nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov LEDs. Pob tshab substrates, xws li silicon carbide los yog sapphire, yog siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub LEDs cia photons mus txog saum npoo.
Textured Surfaces: Txhawm rau txo kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm lub teeb pom kev rov qab rau hauv cov khoom, cov khoom siv semiconductor feem ntau etched nrog cov qauv feeb, xws li pob lossis grooves. Los ntawm kev hloov lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub teeb tawm ntawm qhov chaw, qhov no ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim uas nws yuav khiav tawm ntau dua li rov qab.
Reflective Layers: Sab nraub qaum ntawm semiconductor yog them nrog txheej nyias nyias ntawm kev xav, feem ntau ua los ntawm cov hlau xws li txhuas lossis nyiaj. Cov txheej no ua rau kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm lub teeb uas tawm ntawm LED los ntawm kev cuam tshuam cov photons uas yuav txwv tsis pub poob los ntawm substrate rov qab mus rau pem hauv ntej ntawm LED.
Txawm hais tias deb tsawg dua nrog cov teeb pom kev zoo, qee lub zog tseem poob raws li cua sov txawm tias cov kev nce qib no. Tsuas yog 10-25% ntawm lub zog poob raws li cov cua sov hauv LEDs, nrog rau 75-90% ntawm lub zog hloov mus rau hauv lub teeb, piv rau 90-95% hauv incandescents. Vim lawv cov kev ua tau zoo heev, LEDs siv zog tsawg dua li cov teeb pom kev zoo.
Yuav Ua Li Cas Dawb LEDs Ua Haujlwm: Qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb
Feem ntau ntawm cov LEDs tsuas yog tawm ib xim, los yog lub teeb monochromatic, tab sis cov LEDs dawb, uas yog siv rau hauv lub teeb taub hau, TVs, thiab teeb pom kev zoo hauv tsev, xav tau lub tswv yim sib txawv vim tias tsis muaj cov khoom siv semiconductor nrog cov kab sib txawv uas ncaj qha tsim lub teeb dawb. Xwb, dawb LEDs siv ib qho ntawm ob txoj hauv kev:
Kev hloov pauv ntawm Phosphorus: Ib qho xiavLED(ua los ntawm gallium nitride) npog nrog daj phosphor-ib yam khoom uas nqus lub teeb ntawm ib lub wavelength thiab emits lub teeb ntawm lwm tus - yog siv nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem nrov tshaj plaws. Lub phosphor absorbs ib co ntawm xiav photons emission los ntawm xiav LED thiab re- eits daj photons. Peb ob lub qhov muag txhais cov seem xiav photons li lub teeb dawb thaum lawv ua ke nrog cov daj photons. Cov neeg tsim khoom ntxiv cov lej ntawm cov liab lossis ntsuab phosphors rau lub txheej kom hloov xim kub, lossis "sov" lossis "txias", ntawm lub teeb dawb. Piv txwv li, ntxiv lub teeb xiav ntxiv ua rau lub teeb dawb txias (5,000K–6,500K), thaum ntxiv cov phosphor liab ua rau lub teeb sov dawb (2,700K–3,000K).
RGB Mixing: Cov txheej txheem tsis tshua nyiam no muab peb qhov sib txawv LEDs -liab, ntsuab, thiab xiav- rau hauv ib pob. Peb cov xim sib xyaw ua ke los tsim lub teeb dawb (lossis lwm yam pom spectrum hue) los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm qhov ci ntawm txhua lub LED. Txawm hais tias cov txheej txheem no raug nqi ntau dua li kev hloov pauv phosphor, nws yog ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas yuav tsum tau muaj kev tswj xyuas xim, xws li theem teeb pom kev zoo lossis siab -kawg qhia.
Qhov txawv ntawm LEDs thiab Pas Teeb Pom Kev
Paub tias LEDs ua haujlwm li cas ua rau nws yooj yim pom vim li cas lawv ua tau zoo dua li cov fluorescent thiab incandescent qij hauv yuav luag txhua pawg:
Zog Efficiency: LEDs siv electroluminescence, uas yog ib txwm ua tau zoo; Tsis zoo li incandescents, uas siv lub zog cua sov ib lub filament, fluorescents tsis nkim zog tsim UV hluav taws xob.
Ntev Lifespan: LEDs tsis hlawv tawm yooj yim vim tias lawv tsis muaj qhov txav los yog muag muag. Tsis zoo li incandescents, uas muaj lub neej ntev ntawm 1,000-2,000 teev, LEDs muaj lub neej ntev ntawm 50,000-100,000 teev vim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob semiconductor tsis tshua muaj degradation dhau sijhawm.
Instant On/Off: Tsis zoo li cov fluorescents, uas yuav tsum tau ob peb feeb kom pom tseeb, LEDs tsis sov li - lub sij hawm nce thiab qhib kom tag nrho qhov ci tam sim ntawd.
Durability: VimLEDsyog cov khoom siv-lub xeev cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, lawv tuaj yeem tiv taus kev poob siab, kev vibration, thiab kub siab, uas ua rau lawv zoo meej rau kev siv sab nraum zoov lossis chaw hnyav (xws li tsheb lossis chaw tsim khoom).
LED Technology lub neej yav tom ntej
Kev tsim kho tshiab tau nce lub peev xwm ntawm LED thev naus laus zis raws li cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshaj lij txuas ntxiv txhim kho nws. Piv txwv li:
QLEDs, lossis quantum dot LEDs: Cov no txhim kho qhov ci thiab xim raug los ntawm kev siv quantum dots, uas yog cov khoom me me. Cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom sim ua kom QLEDs muaj zog ntau dua - siv tau rau cov teeb pom kev zoo, thiab tam sim no lawv tau pom nyob rau hauv siab - kawg TVs.
Micro LEDs: Cov LEDs me me no tsis txaus ntseeg, uas tsuas yog ob peb micrometers thoob plaws, tuaj yeem ua pawg hauv cov khoom ntom ntom kom tsim cov teeb pom kev yooj yim lossis siab - cov ntxaij vab tshaus daws teeb meem. Yav tom ntej smartphones thiab TVs tau cia siab tias yuav siv micro LEDs es tsis txhob OLEDs vim tias lawv lub neej ntev dua thiab cov zis zoo dua.
Perovskite LEDs: Muab piv rau cov pa roj carbon monoxide- cov ntaub ntawv raws li, perovskite yog ib yam tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor uas tsis tshua kim los tsim. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau sim ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm perovskite LEDs rau kev lag luam kev siv txij li thaum lawv tau pom cov lus cog tseg hauv kev xa cov teeb pom kev zoo.
Hauv kev xaus
LEDsyog cov khoom siv ncaj nraim ua los ntawm doped semiconductor nrog ap-n kev sib tshuam uas siv hluav taws xob- qhov sib txuas los hloov hluav taws xob rau hauv lub teeb. Lawv yog cov zoo tshaj plaws thiab yoog raws lub teeb pom kev zoo tshaj plaws uas tau tsim, tab sis lawv qhov yooj yim zais qhov nyuaj ntawm lawv cov kev tsim kho, uas suav nrog txhua yam los ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob ntawm lub teeb rho tawm mus rau qhov kev cai ntawm qhov sib txawv band. Paub tias LEDs ua haujlwm li cas tso cai rau peb nkag siab ob qho tib si kev tshawb fawb uas txhawb nqa lawv nrog rau lawv cov txiaj ntsig zoo (ntev ntev dua, cov nqi hluav taws xob pheej yig dua). Raws li LED thev naus laus zis txhim kho ntxiv, nws yuav ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua los txo qis kev siv hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb, txwv kev hloov pauv huab cua, thiab cuam tshuam rau kev tsim teeb pom kev zoo yav tom ntej -ua kom pom tias qee zaum qhov kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb.
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