Tsom ntsoov rau cov saw hlau kev lag luam: yuav ua li cas rov siv fais fab lithium-ion roj teeb?
2.1. Txoj cai tau raug txhim kho, thiab tus qauv thiab tus nqi yog qhov tseem ceeb txwv
In December 2016, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology announced the "Interim Measures for the Administration of Recycling and Utilization of Power Batteries for New Energy Vehicles" (draft for comments), which clarified that automobile production companies should assume the main responsibility for the recycling and utilization of power batteries. The Extended Producer Responsibility System (EPR) refers to extending the responsibility of the producer to the entire life cycle of the product, especially the post-consumer recycling and recycling stage, requiring the producer to take responsibility for the entire life cycle of the product, and to integrate production and production. The recycling is connected in series to improve the recycling rate.
In July 2018, seven departments including the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Science and Technology jointly issued the "Notice on Doing a Good Job in the Pilot Work of Recycling and Utilizing Power Batteries for New Energy Vehicles", and decided to launch the pilot program in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Shanxi, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Guangdong, etc. 17 regions and my country's iron towers have carried out pilot work on the recycling of new energy vehicle power batteries, and determined the corresponding goals and tasks of each pilot region, which will help to establish a relatively centralized and cross-regional recycling system. With the successive introduction of relevant policies, the power lithium-ion battery recycling system will also be accelerated to improve. The launch of the pilot work of power lithium-ion battery recycling marks that my country's power lithium-ion battery recycling has entered a stage of large-scale implementation.
In July 2020, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology announced the "Key Points for Energy Conservation and Comprehensive Utilization of Work in 2020", requiring to promote the construction of a new energy vehicle power battery recycling system; to carry out in-depth pilot work, and to accelerate the exploration and promotion of a recycling market with strong technical economy and environmental friendliness To develop a new energy vehicle model, cultivate a group of backbone companies for power battery recycling; research and formulate the "Administrative Measures for the Echelon Utilization of New Energy Vehicle Power Batteries", and establish a product evaluation mechanism for echelon utilization; ", improve regulations, and urge companies to speed up the fulfillment of traceability and recycling responsibilities. The improvement of the evaluation mechanism and laws and regulations of the power lithium-ion battery recycling system indicates that the framework of my country's power lithium-ion battery recycling system is becoming more and more mature.
Txawm hais tias qhov saum toj kawg nkaus - qib tsim tau maj mam txhim kho, tam sim no lub zog lithium- ion roj teeb rov ua dua tau txwv los ntawm peb qhov teeb meem hauv qab no, ua rau kev txhim kho txoj cai nyuaj dua:
1. Tus qauv ntsuas ntawm cov nqi seem ntawm lub roj teeb yog qhov nyuaj rau kwv yees: lub roj teeb muaj peev xwm ntawm lub zog lithium- ion roj teeb yuav maj mam ploj mus thaum lub sij hawm cyclic charge thiab tso tawm, thiab thaum qhov kev lwj poob qis dua 80 feem pua. , nws yuav mus txog lub xeev nyiaj laus. Tam sim no, SOH (State-ntawm-kev noj qab haus huv) ntawm lub hwj chim lithium-ion roj teeb muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus, suav nrog lub ntsiab lus raws li lub peev xwm lwj, lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus lej seem ntawm cycles raws li qhov seem tso tawm muaj peev xwm, thiab lub ntsiab lus raws li lub internal kuj. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg tsim cai lij choj muaj qee qhov teeb meem hauv kev txiav txim siab tus qauv ntawm cov nqi seem ntawm lub zog lithium-ion roj teeb.
2. Cov nqi hlau hloov pauv cuam tshuam rau kev lag luam ntawm cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab: kev hloov pauv ntawm cov nqi hlau thaum kawg yuav txiav txim siab qhov txiaj ntsig thiab poob ntawm lub zog lithium- ion roj teeb rov ua lag luam, thiab cov nqi hlau raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov khoom lag luam xws li cov peev txheej, technological kev vam meej, thiab downstream kev lag luam. Lub voj voog ntau lawm, yog li cov nqi hlau yog qhov txiav txim siab hauv kev ua lag luam - tsav lub zog lithium- ion roj teeb rov ua dua tshiab, uas tsis tsuas yog cuam tshuam rau kev lag luam qauv ntawm lub zog lithium - ion roj teeb, tab sis tseem cuam tshuam rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm txoj cai tsim thiab kev siv.
3. Cov qauv txheej txheem rau kev siv cascade: Ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab rau lithium hlau phosphate roj teeb yog kev siv cascade. Tej yam xws li kev siv cov cascade thiab kev nyab xeeb tau plagued cov qauv tsim. Cov qauv siab dhau lawm yuav ua rau kev ua lag luam rau kev siv cascade txo qis. Nws tsis yog qhov tsim nyog rau lub sijhawm ntev - kev loj hlob ntawm echelon siv kev lag luam.
Yog li ntawd, cov teeb meem no yuav tsum tau sau tseg thiab tawm tswv yim tsis tu ncua hauv kev xyaum txhawm rau txhim kho txoj cai qauv thiab qauv kev lag luam.
2.2. Txoj kev rov ua dua tshiab thiab rov ua dua tshiab ntawm lub zog lithium - ion roj teeb
Muaj cov neeg koom nrog sib txawv thiab txoj hauv kev rov ua dua tshiab hauv cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab ntawm lub zog lithium -ion roj teeb. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj kev muag khoom, hom kev siv, thiab kev ua tswv cuab ntawm lub zog sib txawv lithium- ion roj teeb. Tam sim no, nyob rau hauv kuv lub teb chaws, txoj kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm lub zog lithium- ion roj teeb feem ntau suav nrog cov tuam txhab me me, cov tuam txhab kev lag luam rov ua dua tshiab, thiab tsoomfwv cov chaw rov ua dua tshiab. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, txhawm rau tswj hwm lub zog lithium-ion roj teeb rov ua lag luam, kuv lub teb chaws tau ua tiav cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb rau kev rhuav tshem thiab rov ua dua tshiab ntawm lub zog lithium- ion roj teeb:
Hais txog cov roj teeb rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov teb chaws tsim kho hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab Tebchaws Meskas, lub zog lithium-ion roj teeb cov tuam txhab feem ntau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau kev rov ua dua roj teeb, thaum lub tuam txhab hluav taws xob tsheb thiab cov tuam txhab qiv roj teeb ntawm cov koom haum koom tes ua lub luag haujlwm. hauv kev koom tes nrog fais fab lithium-ion roj teeb manufacturers hauv kev rov ua dua tshiab. Raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg koom hauv txoj hauv kev ntawm lub zog lithium-ion roj teeb rov ua dua tshiab los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom siv hluav taws xob lithium-ion roj teeb manufacturers, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb txoj hauv kev rov ua dua tshiab.
Thawj txoj hauv kev rov ua dua tshiab yog rov siv cov khoom pov tseg hluav taws xob lithium-ion roj teeb los ntawm cov chaw muag tsheb hluav taws xob; txoj kev rov ua dua zaum ob yog rov ua dua tshiab los ntawm cov tuam txhab qiv roj teeb, thiab pov tseg lub zog lithium- ion roj teeb nws thiaj li ntws mus rau lub zog lithium- ion roj teeb tuam ntxhab los ntawm ob txoj kev rov ua dua tshiab (Qee lub tuam txhab tuaj yeem koom ua ke ua ib qho chaw tsim tshuaj paus alliance) rau recycling; txoj kev rov ua dua zaum thib peb thaum kawg ntws mus rau thib peb - cov tuam txhab rov ua dua tshiab, tab sis thib peb - cov tuam txhab rov ua dua tshiab tso siab rau tus kheej - tsim lub zog lithium - ion roj teeb rov ua dua qhov hluav taws xob.
Tshwj xeeb, raws li saum toj no peb txoj kev rov ua dua tshiab, nrog rau kev siv rov qab logistics txoj kev xav, lub zog sib txawv lithium -ion roj teeb rov ua dua txoj kev tuaj yeem tsim tau. Hom kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm lub zog lithium-ion roj teeb cov tuam txhab sawv cev los ntawm Nyiv (xws li cov chaw muag tsheb hluav taws xob thiab cov tuam txhab muag roj teeb), thiab cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab ntawm kev lag luam kev sib koom tes sawv cev los ntawm cov teb chaws Europe thiab Asmeskas (lub zog lithium{2}}ion cov tuam txhab roj teeb sib koom ua ke sib koom ua ke rov ua dua tshiab) Thiab thib peb - tog rov ua dua hom. Hais txog cov tuam txhab sib txawv, vim qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tuam txhab tam sim no, cov qauv sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab yuav tsum raug xaiv raws li qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws.
2.2.1. Kev siv Cascade thiab hlau rov qab ntawm lithium hlau phosphate roj teeb
Muaj ob txoj hauv kev siv loj tom qab lithium hlau phosphate roj teeb rov ua dua: kev siv cascade thiab dismantling recycling. Ob txoj kev no tsis yog kev sib koom ua ke, tab sis ua tiav. Kev siv cov roj teeb pov tseg yog hais txog cov txheej txheem uas lub zog lithium - ion roj teeb tuaj yeem siv txuas ntxiv mus rau hauv cov haujlwm tsim nyog los ntawm kev kho, rov ua dua lossis rov ua dua tshiab thaum lawv ncav cuag qhov kev pab cuam lub neej, thiab cov txheej txheem no feem ntau yog tib qib lossis downgraded daim ntawv thov. daim ntawv.
The dismantling and recycling of used batteries mainly refers to the dismantling of used batteries through chemical, physical or biological means and recycling of the available resources. In February 2017, the "Interim Measures for the Administration of Recycling and Utilization of New Energy Vehicle Power Batteries" issued by the state mentioned that battery production companies are encouraged to cooperate with comprehensive utilization companies. Carry out multi-level and multi-purpose rational utilization of waste power batteries.
Cov pov tseg lithium hlau phosphate fais fab lithium-ion roj teeb tau rov ua dua ua ntej hauv ib lub cascade, thiab tom qab ntawd tshem tawm thiab rov ua dua tshiab, uas yuav ua rau kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm lub roj teeb tom qab decommissioning. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm lub zog lithium-ion roj teeb yuav txo qis nrog kev siv ntau ntxiv, tab sis thaum lub zog lithium-ion roj teeb tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li tus qauv siv hluav taws xob tsheb thiab so haujlwm, nws qhov kev ua tau zoo (cov roj teeb muaj peev xwm) feem ntau tsuas yog poob rau 80 feem pua ntawm qhov kev ua haujlwm qub. Thaum lub roj teeb kev ua tau zoo tseem khaws cia ntawm 80 feem pua -20 feem pua, cov roj teeb so haujlwm lithium-ion tuaj yeem siv rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob tsawg, daim phiaj hluav taws xob cia, thiab lub zog cia hauv tsev. nyob rau hauv lem tom qab muaj kev ntsuam xyuas thiab kev ntsuam xyuas. Thiab thaum lub roj teeb ua haujlwm poob mus rau 20 feem pua, nws tuaj yeem muab pov tseg.
Raws li cov xwm txheej tam sim no, tseem muaj teeb meem loj hauv kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab kev ua lag luam rau kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob so haujlwm lithium-ion roj teeb.
(1) Los ntawm qhov kev pom, lub zog lithium- ion roj teeb thiab lub zog cia roj teeb ua raws li cov qauv kev sib txawv, thiab lub zog cia chaw muaj cov kev xav tau siab ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov roj teeb, thaum lub sij hawm so ib nrab ntawm lub zog lithium{{ 2}} ion roj teeb yuav tsis ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau siv ntawm lub zog cia roj teeb . Kev tsim cov qauv kev kwv yees lub neej ntawm roj teeb raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub peev xwm decay mechanism tsis zoo tag nrho, ua rau muaj teeb meem hauv kev ntsuam xyuas thiab kev tshawb pom ntawm kev siv gradient ntawm cov nyiaj so haujlwm lithium - ion roj teeb.
(2) From the market point of view, the establishment of a reverse logistics system for cascade utilization is more complicated, and there are many links involved. It is more complicated than direct physical, chemical, and biological dismantling and recycling, and consumers' psychological acceptance of cascade utilization batteries is relatively high. Low.
Piv nrog rau kev siv echelon, kev rhuav tshem thiab rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov roj teeb lithium -ion roj teeb yog qhov paub tab hauv thev naus laus zis. Khib fais fab lithium-ion roj teeb kho tshuab tuaj yeem muab faib ua lub cev, lom thiab tshuaj lom neeg txoj kev; txoj kev siv lub cev muaj xws li crushing flotation method thiab mechanical sib tsoo txoj kev, tab sis qhov kev sib cais efficiency yog tsawg heev, thiab kev rov qab los ntawm cov hlau tseem ceeb feem ntau yuav tsum tau ua raws li - txheej txheem kho ; Cov txheej txheem lom neeg siv microbial catabolism kom ua tiav cov kev xaiv leaching thiab rov qab cov hlau ions, tab sis cov txheej txheem lom neeg yog tseem nyob rau theem ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj thiab muaj qee qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov ntawv thov loj -.
Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm kev rhuav tshem thiab rov ua dua tshiab yog cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg, suav nrog peb txoj kev kho mob, kev kho hluav taws, kev kho ntub dej, thiab kho electrode thiab rov tsim dua tshiab. Kev kho hluav taws yog ib txoj kev kho cov khib nyiab tseem ceeb. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog qhov siab -kub kub hnyiab ntawm lub roj teeb tom qab dismantling los yog crushing ua rau cov organic teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub roj teeb oxidatively decompose, thiab cov hlau ntsiab nyob rau hauv cov electrode cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntim tau hloov mus rau hauv ruaj khov hlau oxides. Tom qab ntawd cais thiab rov ua dua. Muaj ntau yam kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv tshuab ntub dej. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog siv cov kua qaub thiab alkali tov kom yaj cov khoom siv electrode, thiab tom qab ntawd paub txog kev sib cais thiab kev ua kom huv ntawm txhua lub caij hauv cov kua theem. Cov txheej txheem kho electrode thiab rov tsim dua tshiab yog txheej txheem kev kho mob uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo tas los no. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv cov khoom pov tseg lithium- ion roj teeb yog disassembled thiab sib cais, thiab kho nrog electrochemical los yog lub cev chemistry txoj kev los kho lawv cov qauv puas thiab electrochemical kev ua tau zoo, yog li ntawd cov khoom yuav rov qab siv dua los yog raws li ib tug precursor rau kev npaj cov ntaub ntawv tshiab electrode.
2.2.2. Cathode cov ntaub ntawv rov qab thiab rov tsim dua ntawm ternary roj teeb
Tam sim no, txoj hauv kev ntawm ternary cathode cov ntaub ntawv rov qab thiab kev tsim dua tshiab yog muab faib ua ob hom hauv qab no:
Kev kho lub cev thiab rov tsim dua tshiab. Rau cov ntaub ntawv ternary cathode uas tsuas yog poob cov khoom siv lithium xwb, cov khoom lithium ncaj qha ntxiv thiab kho thiab rov tsim dua los ntawm siab -kub sintering; rau cov khoom siv cathode uas muaj peev xwm loj heev thiab cov qauv siv lead ua hloov pauv, kev kho hydrothermal thiab luv luv - lub sij hawm siab - kub sintering yog nqa tawm. rov tsim dua tshiab;
Muaj peb txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev siv cov khoom siv hlau: hluav taws kub, ntub dej thiab bioleaching. Ntawm lawv, txoj kev tua hluav taws muaj kev siv hluav taws xob siab, poob ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb, thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov pa phem thiab cov pa phem; txoj kev leaching lom muaj kev kho mob tsis zoo, lub voj voog ntev, thiab nyuaj rau kev cog cov kab mob; Hauv qhov sib piv, txoj kev ntub dej muaj kev ua haujlwm siab thiab txhim khu kev qha. , kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg, tsis muaj cov pa phem thiab cov pa phem thiab lwm yam zoo, yog li daim ntawv thov ntau dua.
2.3. Pob zeb los ntawm lwm lub roob, txawv teb chaws lub zog lithium-ion roj teeb rov ua dua hom
2.3.1. Teb Chaws Asmeskas: Cov kev cai lij choj hais txog kev siv roj teeb suab thiab kev paub txog kev rov ua dua tshiab
Txoj cai rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov roj teeb siv hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog qhov zoo, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kev cai lij choj muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog tsoomfwv, xeev thiab hauv cheeb tsam. Peb theem ntawm kev cai lij choj ntxiv thiab tswj ib leeg, uas ua rau US roj teeb rov ua dua kev cai lij choj zoo meej, kev qhia dav thiab tshwj xeeb.
Hauv tsoomfwv qib siab, tsoomfwv tswj hwm cov tuam txhab roj teeb thiab cov tuam txhab siv roj teeb pov tseg los ntawm kev muab cov ntawv tso cai.
At the state level, most states have adopted battery recycling regulations proposed by the Battery Council International (BCI) to guide retailers and consumers by participating in pricing mechanisms for used battery recycling. For example, the New York State Rechargeable Battery Act and the California Rechargeable Battery Recycling Act require rechargeable battery retailers to recycle consumers' disposable rechargeable batteries at no charge.
Nyob rau hauv lub zos, feem ntau lub nroog nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States tau enacted hluav taws xob roj teeb recycle cov kev cai los txo cov kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig ntawm cov roj teeb siv. US International Battery Council tau tshaj tawm Txoj Cai Lij Choj Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob, uas tsim cov roj teeb rov ua dua tshiab los txhawb cov neeg siv khoom kom khaws thiab xa rov qab cov roj teeb siv.
There are many institutions in the United States to popularize the recycling knowledge of used batteries, and the national recycling awareness is generally strong. Take the National Battery Council International (BCI) as an example. As an authoritative third-party organization for battery recycling, the organization not only coordinates battery recycling in various states, but also details the popularization of battery recycling classification process and specifications. . BCI has a large number of documents and pictures on its official website to guide the battery recycling of individuals and companies, and, due to the different recycling methods of lead-acid batteries and lithium-ion batteries, BCI's process guidance even includes guidance for individuals and companies in recycling batteries. The distinction between lead-acid batteries and lithium-ion batteries.
2.3.2. EU: Tus tsim tawm Lub luag haujlwm System ntxiv rau Alliance System
European Union yog thawj cheeb tsam los tsom mus rau kev siv roj teeb thiab ntsuas kev ntsuas. Xyoo 1991, Txoj Cai Lij Choj ntawm Cov Roj Teeb thiab Cov Txiaj Ntsig uas muaj qee yam tshuaj phom sij tau raug qhia, uas tau teev tseg tias cov roj teeb no yuav tsum tau rov ua dua tshiab. Lub EU tau pib thaum ntxov ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm 3C roj teeb thiab cov hmoov lead -acid roj teeb, thiab tau sau ntau yam kev paub cuam tshuam. Xyoo 2006, txoj cai siv roj teeb pov tseg thiab rov ua dua tshiab (2006/66/EC) tau tshaj tawm, thiab ib qho kev txhawb nqa (cov neeg tsim khoom txuas ntxiv lub luag haujlwm) tau tsim nyob rau hauv uas lub zog lithium -ion roj teeb cov tuam txhab tsim khoom yog lub luag haujlwm rau lub ntsiab lub cev ntawm recycling. Ntawm lawv, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, kev paub txog cov neeg tsim khoom lub luag haujlwm thiab kev faib ua haujlwm rau kev rov ua dua tshiab yog qhov tseeb ntawm lub zog. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm lub zog lithium- ion roj teeb tau ua rau lub teb chaws Yelemees ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev cai lij choj, kev faib lub luag haujlwm, thiab cov txheej txheem kev siv roj teeb.
The integration of responsibility, obligation and law is the foundation of Germany's complete power lithium-ion battery recycling system. The German government has promulgated the Recycling Act in accordance with directives such as the Waste Framework Directive (Directive2008/98/EC), the Battery Recycling Directive (Directive2006/66/EC), and the End-of-Life Vehicle Directive (Directive2000/53/EC). , "Battery Recycling Law", "Scrap Vehicle Recycling Law" and a series of relevant recycling laws.
Raws li kev txwv ntawm cov txheej txheem kev cai lij choj, cov khib nyiab roj teeb rov ua dua tshiab hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees muaj kev faib ua haujlwm kom meej. Cov neeg tsim khoom, cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab hauv kev lag luam saw muaj cov luag haujlwm thiab cov luag haujlwm. Cov roj teeb uas tsim los lossis xa tawm los ntawm cov tuam txhab roj teeb yuav tsum tau sau npe nrog tsoomfwv, cov chaw muag khoom hauv qab yog lub luag haujlwm los tsim cov roj teeb rov ua dua tshiab, thiab cov neeg siv kuj tseem yuav tsum xa rov qab cov roj teeb uas siv tau rau cov koom haum rov ua dua qub.
In addition, Germany places great emphasis on the "extended producer responsibility system" in power recovery. For example, Volkswagen, BMW and other new energy vehicle manufacturers actively recycle used batteries. Among them, BMW is committed to realizing the power lithium-ion battery value chain by establishing an industrial closed loop. In this value chain, from battery production raw materials, battery research and development, battery production, battery installation, to battery recycling to obtain valuable battery production raw materials , forming a closed loop to maximize the value of power lithium-ion batteries.
At the same time, BMW has also cooperated with Umicore, Vattenfall, Bosch, NextEra, etc. to explore the cascade utilization of retired power lithium-ion batteries in energy storage systems. BMW has successfully achieved energy storage grid stabilization by using the waste power lithium-ion batteries of the BMW i3 and MINIE prototypes. A total of 700 BMW i3 batteries are stored at its energy storage yard at the BMW Group's Leipzig plant, demonstrating that at the end of a car's battery life, profits can be made by giving the batteries a second life (as part of a sustainable energy model) .
2.3.3. Japan: Recycling mode of power lithium-ion battery under the development of "preparing for a rainy day"
Kev cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom siv raw, Nyiv yog lub ntiaj teb thawj coj hauv kev rov ua dua cov roj teeb uas siv. Roj teeb rov ua dua tshiab hauv Nyiv
